> There are a shocking number of ways to accidentally create nondeterministic output when doing C/C++ development. One of the easiest is to use the builtin __DATE__ and __TIME__ macros to stamp a build with the time the compiler was executed at:
Am I missing something here? Yes, if you use a feature that intentionally inserts the build time and date into the code, the every build is going to be different. That's the whole point of these macros. It's a feature. If you don't want that behavior, don't use that feature.
It's meant to be a trivial counterexample. Like saying "-1" to the claim "there's no number smaller than 0" to someone who's not familiar with math, the author is saying "build-dependent macros" to the claim "compilers are deterministic" to someone who might not be familiar with compilers.
A trivial counterexample to what? The antecedent of "one of the easiest" was "ways to accidentally create nondeterministic output." One even the most charitable reading I can muster that still seems to me to presume some pretty abject stupidity.
A trivial counter example to the intuition one might have that compilers likely produce deterministic output. It’s directly responsive to the exchange between Aoi and Numa above, wherein Aoi expresses exactly that intuition. Of course, those are characters playing out a question less familiar readers might ask. Presumably the intent is to make this content accessible to a wider audience, using an obvious example to introduce the concept without requiring much background knowledge.
I think the intentional part is that you want to print the date and time something's been compiled, and the accidental part is that you suddenly made your build non-reproducible.
But usually the realization follows the initial intent by several weeks, if not months! Your comment shines as the embodiment of hindsight is 20/20.
> the accidental part is that you suddenly made your build non-reproducible
But that's exactly what I don't get. How can that be considered "accidental"? How can any thinking person not realize that putting the build time into the compiled image will make every build different because, you know, different builds happen at different times? Has software engineering really been dumbed down so much that this is not immediately obvious? It feels like a mechanic doing an oil change and being surprised by having all the oil drain out if they neglect to put the drain plug back in.
With you on this especially because somebody I know asked me to help change their oil and they hadn't even considered there being waste oil to dispose of
The engineer who wants the build to be reproducible and the engineer who wants to have the build time in the compiled binary may not be the same person.
Sure, but that is a completely different issue. People have mutually-conflicting goals on occasion. That is a Thing That Happens, but it is a very different phenomenon than being surprised by the obvious fact that putting a time stamp on your build makes that build non-reproducible.
If Clang generated non-deterministic output due to pointer addresses then that's a bug (happens regularly) that should be fixed. The most common way this happens if it some code path is iterating over a DenseMap which is non-deterministic. Sometimes that's fine and sometimes that's not depending on how that map is used. The common way to fix that is to switch to a MapVector which pays some additional runtime/memory cost to guarantee deterministic iteration order.
I'll try and make a minimal reproduction case and file a bug. Do you know if any tooling that can take a binary and fuzz it down to a minimal reproduction set?
Reading this, I think low level engineering is actually more dependent on specific environments. Hardware also has its own points of change. Usually, when you think at a high level, environmental changes are less significant than you might expect. But low level thinking tends to be tied to specific environments, which is what makes it difficult. The reason low level is hard is that even if the code itself is short, the hidden assumptions inside it are difficult and place a heavy cognitive load on the programmer. For example, even a short snippet in C like
`int value = (int)buffer`
requires a lot of implicit knowledge about the 4 byte alignment of the buffer, or whether int is exactly 32 bits. LLMs do not seem to be very good at knowing these things. Rather, they are strong at high level wrapping, but at the low level, they seem surprisingly difficult and somewhat useless. Hardware has CPU generation changes, and in the case of PLCs, where I mainly work, the protocol differences between vendors are far too severe. There does not seem to be any technology with a very long lifecycle.
Depends on what you mean by low level I guess. Compared to web application framework churn rate, simple procedural programming without many dependencies is remarkably stable. You tend to program in a way that works for most platforms (all targetted platforms). How to best do that you learn over the years. To me personally it's very refreshing if the environment around you does not constantly change. That affords learning a bag of tricks and a list of gotchas to avoid.
> You tend to program in a way that works for most platforms (all targetted platforms).
Isn't that true for web frameworks too? Usually they'll only target unix, but if they target windows and macos, then they work on those platforms too? Or am I misunderstanding what you're trying to say here?
This is how I mean it: In case of low level programming, the "platform" is the hardware/OS/compiler. In case of web programming, the "platform" is the web framework.
If you update the OS, hardware, or compiler, you will see only few changes. If you update the web framework, you may see breakages, API deprecations or whatever. You may want to move to a different web framework entirely. TBH I don't really know, I don't know web programming beyond basic HTML/Javascript. That's what they say, though.
Well I mean you're comparing two different solutions at different layers here.
In the case of an desktop application, unless you build things against OS libraries, your "platform" is also typically a framework, like QT or AppKit or whatever you end up using. That's the equivalent of the "web framework" in the web world.
Basically, it goes "Your app > GUI framework > other/OS libraries" for desktop apps, "Your app > web framework > other/OS libraries" for web applications.
Then in both approaches you can of course skip the framework if you want, no one is forcing you to use those in either of the cases.
Edit: I realize now we might be talking past each other, I was under the understanding that "web framework" is about backend web frameworks, but maybe you actually meant frontend frameworks running client-side. If so, replace "other/OS libraries" with "browser runtime" and my comment more or less still makes sense :)
> your "platform" is also typically a framework, like QT or AppKit or whatever you end up using
That's not what I consider "low level programming". I don't use any of these.
Yes you can do try and do plain Javascript. Honestly Javascript is a much less pleasurable environment than a compiled statically typed procedural language. The main advantage of the browser is you get a viewport, you get font rendering etc. with almost no setup required at all.
> That's not what I consider "low level programming". I don't use any of these.
So say C linking to Xorg-libraries and drawing GUI that way isn't low level programming, then what is? Only assembly is "low level programming" or what?
Meh, JavaScript is fine, like most dynamic Algol/C-like languages. Could be worse, could be TypeScript :)
But personally, browser environment is a hell of a lot easier to target than doing cross-platform native application development, but I'm a web developer who started doing native apps, not the other way around, might be why.
More: If you upgrade the hardware or the compiler, you upgrade them. If you're doing web programming, you have to worry about the user upgrading their browser.
It's not so much about the browser (I'm not aware of major incompatibilities introduced by new browsers or new W3C standards). But the software ecosytems (like frameworks, or node.js) that web people are relying on in order to create their web apps.
I never tackled the reproducible builds topic but this is also something I had in mind while having a thought about it. Building object files for translation units, apart from macros introducing variance, should be reproducible no matter how high the number of compile jobs is running. So, isn't this largely a linking stage problem?
So to avoid those energy-hungry LLM companies from scraping your website, you force each browser to compute a lot of hashes in a necessarily energy-hungry loop, creating, at the same time, all the kind of accessibility problems?
There are a lot of people writing really bad scrapers and running them on far from high compute power systems. This is the prevent DoS because of those. The big companies are often far more clever and know they are traversing the whole internet and can come back later.
> I wonder how many cumulative hours of human life have been wasted waiting on writing comments on creamsicle reddit.
I disagree with a lot of the decisions around the design of Anubis... but resisting the current drive of the industry to ruin as much of the good faith resource donations from others is an admirable objective.
The point isn't to increase the amount of work required to the point of exhaustion, it's to require that scripts be able to offer the exact same feature set that browsers offer. The point isn't to make it impossible, it's too make it more expensive than free.
Anubis isn't trying to prevent all scraping, it's trying to reduce the abuse just enough that real requests get their fair share. You don't need to outcompute the botnet just slow them down a little.
I hate seeing the Anubis interstitial too, I've complained about it publicly already too. But it doesn't come close to the frustration of waiting 10s for an SPA to load all of the routes it'll never use before the first redraw. Clearly our industry has also decided latency is a good thing.
> I disagree with a lot of the decisions around the design of Anubis... but resisting the current drive of the industry to ruin as much of the good faith resource donations from others is an admirable objective.
"The road to hell is paved with good intentions" is a phrase for a reason.
Besides, if the authors intentions were pure it wouldn't infest the sites using it with the authors sexual fetish by default.
> The point isn't to increase the amount of work required to the point of exhaustion, it's to require that scripts be able to offer the exact same feature set that browsers offer.
What browsers? Websites intentionally breaking anything non-mainstream is precisely the problem.
> But it doesn't come close to the frustration of waiting 10s for an SPA to load all of the routes it'll never use before the first redraw.
Many sites only need anti-bot malware because of inefficient design like that.
The vast majority of that compute is locked in AI accelerators that do the inference. Those hardwares are bad at doing anything other than that---in fact crawlers would need more residential proxies than more computes in that regard.
> I wonder how many cumulative hours of human life have been wasted waiting on Anubis.
"How dare that mugging victim fight back".
The choice is not between Anubis and no Anubis, the choice is between Anubis and my website going offline because I can't afford the $400/month that AI scrapers would cost me (yes, I checked, and yes, that's the real figure) if Anubis wasn't in front.
No it's not dumb, but I don't get how it manages to be so light still. Like I visit an Anubis-guarded site and barely have to wait. Scrapers really see that little CPU usage or wall time and back off? Or maybe that's just cause I'm not visiting sites that are under attack.
If you would go with that analogy this would be a case of the mugging victim stabbing random bystanders.
> The choice is not between Anubis and no Anubis, the choice is between Anubis and my website going offline because I can't afford the $400/month that AI scrapers would cost me (yes, I checked, and yes, that's the real figure) if Anubis wasn't in front.
Those aren't the only options and anyone who claims there is no other choice is either dishonest or incompetent.
- Put their ~1kb of text on a ~0kb website, make it cacheable, make hosting it free, make downloading and rendering it instantenous, make it accessible and let users read it comfortably
- Set up a CAPTCHA and make the website inaccessible, spy on the users or give their history to trillion dollar ad companies, make them wait 10 secs to proceed.
Guess which one HN front-page bloggers choose? I often comment and/or flag them, but they never learn.
Could have sworn the author was a nix(os) user already. I know it’s a meme but what all the problems they’re describing literally is solved by nix. The nix sandbox even catches calls for time for example to replace it with 0 for determinism.
Weird article. The author is clearly heart-broken about some changes in how Nixos is managed - but what those changes were and why the author dislikes them is left completely unclear. The link to the Determinate blogpost doesn't clarify anything. I guess it might make sense to Nixos insiders...
These seem very reasonable, the workarounds used are natural, and overall the article is not at all congruous with the conclusion in the (clickbait?) title?
I don't get the sense they hate compilers at all. The writing describes work they seem to love doing. It's just clickbait.
And it may not have crossed their mind that the clang behavior is a bug after finding a workaround. I'd also assume compilers do things "no mere mortal can fully comprehend on their own".
This might be the first time in my career I have genuinely found a compiler bug. I've been operating under the axiom of "don't assume it's a compiler bug, assume you're fucking it up somehow". When you get to the point that disabling ASLR makes it consistent intra-host I think I've won the right to at least suspect a compiler bug is at play.
I'm gonna have to file the bug without a minimal reproduction case. The issue seems to be those try_table blocks getting nondeterministically reordered at link time (is it using machine pointers for iteration order?). Sadly I'm observing this with a local checkout of binaryen, so it may take a while for you to find the minimal reproduction case.
Nix also needs the build output to be deterministic to calculate the hash. It also has the problems of timestamps etc. The build environment tries to be hermetic by setting the time to be epoch among other things.
Yes, reading this I was thinking about how many of these problems go away with a nix environment. Certainly not all of them, but it’s a great way to get a reproducible build environment that includes direct specification of system dependencies.
Time and date are... tolerable. There's SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH which should always be set to whack it into submission when used. ASLR of the _compiler being invoked_ resulting in a difference in the _program being compiled_ is nuts and would break any self-hosting compiler with consistency checks.
I’m still surprised by Anubis’ decision not to make the PoW have a useful output, for example a crypto, protein-folding like, or something else.
And I speak as being generally very critical of cryptos, but here rewarding the website owner with some cents to have access seems fair, and resolves the traditional issues about micro-payments.
I'm not even convinced that this works well for users who want to run that work on their machines. Distributed cluster of random untrusted hardware has got to be so much less efficient than a purpose-designed datacenter cluster, and harder to manage. I get that any "free" compute is cheaper than paid compute, but at some point the gap is so wide that the coordination alone doesn't make sense.
Wasn't there some famous home-computing project that recently stopped because of that? I thought it was Folding@home but that seems to still be going.
I would think twice before adding those type of features to Anubis. I like how Anubis currently does one thing and do that well. Once you make a captcha-like service that also does useful work, users will eventually perceive it as a useful-work-service that happens to have captcha-like function on the side, and that new perception will get a lot more people upset about Anubis.
We see this with Recaptcha where when it was first launched, some news sites praised it as making good use of what would have otherwise been wasted human effort. But eventually I started to see negative comments along the lines of how Recaptcha is just extracting free work to train self driving cars, nevermind the part about stopping bots. Since Recaptcha is now sometimes non-interactive, I am not sure if that data is still used for training, other than to improve Recaptcha itself, but the negative sentiment still holds whether that data is used or not.
I agree, also making it do useful work could detract from how well it works as bot-prevention. Recaptcha suffered from its own success eventually, having to ask people to read nearly impossible things, and now many sites are instead asking me to solve puzzles with no practical use.
The last time I evaluated doing protein folding it required gigabytes of disk-data to make it happen. If there's a way to do it without needing gigabytes of disk-data, I'm at least interested in hearing it out.
The original reCAPTCHA which was used to train OCR came out back when Google was at least pretending to not be evil, hence the favourable coverage about old books. Now that the challenges are used to train Waymo cars (citation needed, but obviously they won't be sharing the data), and Google is definitely not tracking everyone with it (according to... Google, the adtech company), there's no positive spin you could possibly put on it.
Were Anubis to add crypto mining, even if all the revenue went to Techaro, you could still say "the enshittification is a shame, but at least they're not Google". Using the compute for BOINC protein folding somehow should be unobjectionable.
GetProgramPath consulting PATH is a pretty standard behavior inspired by GCC. Clang driver may find an external program from its program paths (e.g. -ccc-install-dir, the GCC installation's bin directory, -B, ) and then PATH.
> Clang relies on address layout for ordering things
It’s easy to imagine an organization with a paranoid security posture ending up with that configuration because they decided to only enable a minimum necessary feature set where they determined that JS was necessary while WASM was not.
Yup, and I suspect that even if OP is honest in this respect, if proof-of-work gets established as a normal practice for web pages, it's going to be used this way.
But just taking this as-is, what is the environmental impact likely to be when multiplied up by the number of users? Proof of work is a bad idea.
Do proof-of-work pages actually stop AI bots? Big AI companies have enough compute to solve these challenges at scale. And if their bots are already doing much heavier work to fetch, read and process each page, then solving a small challenge first seems unlikely to be a serious barrier. Who are these proof-of-work challenges actually helping?
I believe poisonous loops of non-sense text are the best choice in terms of LLM capabilities and human distinguishing potential; the next iteration could be non-sense with reasonably intact grammar and content. At the very least, show some content whilst doing the PoW (isn't the point rising computational costs? Give me something like YouTube video decryption instead of having me wait at least) OR use the PoW for some useful protein-folding, finding the next prime, or an alternative monetization scheme.
The "benefit of someone else" in this scenario is the site operator not having their website down or their hosting bills unsustainable because of misbehaving (which are 99% of current) web scrapers from AI companies.
I've seen posts by this author before and did not understand if the commentary characters were referential or a creation of the author. Turns out its the latter. I dismissed the underlined names as just styling, not hyperlinks.
To avoid all those grotesque and absurd compilers and runtimes, more for those of computer languages with a ultra-complex syntax (c++ and similar), I now design "binary specifications" which I "design" and "validate" with RISC-V assembly coding.
Here, since any whatwg cartel web engine is an issue, the author should not bother.
I tried doing that at first. I kept running into edge cases that made the whole thing fall to ribbons. I gave up and am just falling back to what I know works: compiling the WASM to JS.
I hate compilers too, just because in theory they are the simplest type of program: transform one file into another. How is not be reproducible? You need to make an effort! Yet the author of this post has trouble getting a reproducible build. To me it sums up the utter insanity our industry is engaged in.
Could you please stop posting unsubstantive comments and flamebait? You've unfortunately been doing it repeatedly. It's not what this site is for, and destroys what it is for.
> This is the goofiest I've seen written unironically in quite a long - the C preprocessor is not part of the compiler. The pre in preprocessor should probably give it away.
This is true but doesn't seem relevant; does replacing the word "compiler" with "build chain" change anything? Because that seems like the clear meaning.
Sure, but a signature doesn't prove that a particular binary came from a particular codebase - merely that a particular human (or other trusted entity, for varying degrees of "trusted") has vouched for it.
Being able to reproduce the binary from the source code and being able to verify that it's the same as the original is quite important in some contexts.
>Being able to reproduce the binary from the source code and being able to verify that it's the same as the original is quite important in some contexts.
I disagree. The contexts that people come up with are purely theoretical, and are not practically important. Please do try and convince me otherwise by sharing such a context. From my view the juice of trying to accomplish this is no where worth the squeeze.
Military context: a government would want to review the code and compile themselves. Provide a hash of the target binary to ensure they've compiled it correctly.
SDLC: provide auditors with _proof_ that the tested binary is indeed coming from the audited code
> Being able to reproduce the binary from the source code and being able to verify that it's the same as the original is quite important in some contexts
Why not build your own binaries and be done with that. If you don’t trust the compiler or the machine doing the build, just build the code yourself.
Sure, I can do that, but there's some value in being able to check quickly and easily that, for example, the xz utils binaries shipped by a major distro actually match the published source.
Also useful for checking that a binary containing GPLed code does actually correspond to its published source.
On the off chance that you’re serious, that would result in disastrously bad output. The difference between “jmp $+15” and “jmp $+16” is inscrutable and the LLM would not be able to pick the right one without tooling.
That tooling is a compiler. The higher level, the better chance the LLM can be steered to good output. Machine code is hopeless, don’t bother.
> The difference between “jmp $+15” and “jmp $+16” is inscrutable
Just like the difference between 'him' and 'her' is inscrutable taken out of context, but that's why LLMs have embeddings they use to store contextual information in huge vectors and have an input processing phase during which the input tokens gain contextual information, so that the LLM knows that 'him' refers to 'Peter' and 'her' refers to 'Jane'. Likewise it will be able to infer that $+15 is the 'success' branch of control flow and $+16 is the fail branch.
The way computer programs and natural language differ, is that in language, words with absolute or at least very constrained meanings are common, while code, is basically a pure manipulation of symbols, with variable and function names being meaningless helpers, and the actual meaning needs to be deduced from the way these symbols are manipulated.
In fact, I think LLMs are actually surprisingly good at this kind of abstract symbol manipulation, and are far less bothered than humans with 'add rax, rcx' by the fact that the meaning of 'rax' and 'rcx' are heavily contextual, as they dedicate a lot of time to build up rich contextual information that might be different in every place these symbols appear.
> Just like the difference between 'him' and 'her' is inscrutable taken out of context,
The context is pretty flexible, like "Do you know Jim? I saw him at the store." Or, "Do you know Jim? Fifteen days ago, I saw him at the store." There’s a relatively small universe of pronouns (him, her, that, who, etc) and the pronouns refer to a token nearby (in this case, Jim).
With machine code, there’s a massive set of jump offsets, and the referent isn’t a token, but rather a location to start processing.
> In fact, I think LLMs are actually surprisingly good at this kind of abstract symbol manipulation,
When you’re manipulating machine code, you’ve stepped away from abstract symbol manipulation and you’re just manipulating byte values now.
I don’t think your argument here is convincing. Maybe you can point to a demo or some architecture where this works. But my sense is this—once you start designing a harness to make LLMs capable of writing machine code, or designing an architecture for LLMs to write machine code, something in your implementation probably looks like an assembler, and something in your internal tokenization of the machine code probably looks like a higher-level language.
That compiler does wonders with languages that have UB on their specs, especially when having optimizations passes with heuristics.
Also there are dynamic compilers were the shape of machine code changes as the code executes, and each single execution will certainly generate different sequences, depending on the program execution and where it is running.
Deterministic JIT compiler code generation, at least on optimising ones, is not a solved problem.
> I don't see why that's the case. LLM trained on binary would totally see it, not?
It would not. You find the correct version by counting the number of bytes to the destination. LLMs are famously bad at this kind of problem (counting).
> Also the tool can also be running the test and a debugger.
The test needs to provide a good amount of signal. That’s too hard if you are throwing machine code at the wall.
In order for debuggers to work, you need some kind of model that describes what the code should do and what state the computer should be in after each instruction. That model is high-level code.
I can understand the intuitive appeal of training LLMs with machine code, but all of my experience with LLMs suggest that they are incredibly ill-suited to the task, and we just don’t have the capacity to train them to make useful machine code.
I would phrase it as "LLMs are good at big picture stuff and bad at fine detail", or to put it another way, they're accurate, but imprecise and with low reproducibility.
It is my experience that it's the opposite. LLMs are very very precise but wildly inaccurate. They might give you 17 significant digits but be off by 10 orders of magnitude, to use a metaphor.
Sounds like we're in agreement, then. The 7 digits it got correct are the big picture, and the rest are the details. Are you disagreeing with my statement or with my usage of "accurate" and "precise"?
I said "big picture stuff", but I guess I should have said "broad strokes". The truly correct answer is probably similar to what the model will answer, and if your problem is such that it can work with small imperfections in a solution, then the LLM helps. If the solution needs to be exactly right, then it will probably fail.
Yesterday on a whim I tried asking a local model a question about kanji that look different in different fonts despite being the same character (to the point of strokes appearing in completely different directions), and the model hallucinated imgur links to images of the characters. If imgur could work with approximate references to data maybe that would have worked.
No, I don’t think so. LLMs are good at a lot of simple tasks, but bad at certain simple tasks. Moravec’s paradox in a new iteration.
It applies to humans too. Calculus is “simple” but it takes something like sixteen years to train a human to do it, if all goes well. Meanwhile, most humans think that inverse kinematics is, like, the easiest thing in the world (it’s a super complicated task).
Calculus is definitely the harder task, considering it took a species developing the cognitive capacity for symbolic reasoning for it to show up, whereas any animal can figure out how to position its limbs. Yeah, we figured out how to make CAS programs before inverse kinematics software, but that's because computers were made to solve numerical problems, not to replace the cerebella of chordates.
You’re only evaluating “harder” or “easier” based on the perspective of somebody who has a mammalian brain with millions of years of selective pressure to make it suitable for solving inverse kinematics problems.
The point here is that when we start constructing agents or tools with different architectures to ourselves, it makes sense to reevaluate notions of whether something is ‘hard’ or ‘easy’. LLMs are bad at counting not because counting is hard, but because their architecture makes it hard.
I'm evaluating them using an objective metric, which is how long each took to arise in the universe. It could have never been the case that calculus arose before inverse kinematics, because a thing like that could not interact with the real world.
Also, I suspect you're comparing dissimilar things, because in one case you're looking at a brain doing both inverse kinematics and "calculus" (sense 1), and in the other you're looking at a computer doing both inverse kinematics and "calculus" (sense 2). The kind of calculus a CAS does is not the same kind that a human does. It's less versatile, for one.
>The point here is that when we start constructing agents or tools with different architectures to ourselves, it makes sense to reevaluate notions of whether something is ‘hard’ or ‘easy’.
Well, no, because when someone says that calculus is hard and moving their arms is easy, they're not talking about how hard it was to create each functionality, they're talking about how hard it is to employ each. We would need to ask a computer how hard it thinks the tasks it does are to do.
I don’t think the metric is at all reasonable, and the fact that it’s “objective” doesn’t make up for its other shortcomings. I don’t think we have a basis for agreement here—I think you’ve framed the argument in a way that supports a “calculus is hard” conclusion merely by defining “hard” in such a way that supports your conclusion from the start, but I think that approach is only useful as a way to win an argument, and we’ve failed to share ideas once you start using that tactic.
>I think you’ve framed the argument in a way that supports a “calculus is hard” conclusion merely by defining “hard” in such a way that supports your conclusion from the start
It seems to me you're the one who first did that by equivocating what is easier to do and what is easier to make a machine do.
>we’ve failed to share ideas once you start using that tactic
Even if it could, it would be ridiculously token inefficient to update huge amount of addresses instead when some small change is done to the middle of a binary
Why? I mean this is all emergent, right? And it’s not like humans ever work at this level. It would be very interesting to see what sort of outputs and abstractions an LLM comes up with.
Generative algorithms have been studied for decades now and while they have led to some interesting results they're a bad fit for LLMs because there's no such thing as a "plausible" binary: a small perturbation yields an unusable result.
> There are a shocking number of ways to accidentally create nondeterministic output when doing C/C++ development. One of the easiest is to use the builtin __DATE__ and __TIME__ macros to stamp a build with the time the compiler was executed at:
Am I missing something here? Yes, if you use a feature that intentionally inserts the build time and date into the code, the every build is going to be different. That's the whole point of these macros. It's a feature. If you don't want that behavior, don't use that feature.
"One of the easiest"
It's meant to be a trivial counterexample. Like saying "-1" to the claim "there's no number smaller than 0" to someone who's not familiar with math, the author is saying "build-dependent macros" to the claim "compilers are deterministic" to someone who might not be familiar with compilers.
A trivial counterexample to what? The antecedent of "one of the easiest" was "ways to accidentally create nondeterministic output." One even the most charitable reading I can muster that still seems to me to presume some pretty abject stupidity.
A trivial counter example to the intuition one might have that compilers likely produce deterministic output. It’s directly responsive to the exchange between Aoi and Numa above, wherein Aoi expresses exactly that intuition. Of course, those are characters playing out a question less familiar readers might ask. Presumably the intent is to make this content accessible to a wider audience, using an obvious example to introduce the concept without requiring much background knowledge.
Surprisingly, cherry-picked examples to prove a point are cherry-picked examples to prove a point.
I think the intentional part is that you want to print the date and time something's been compiled, and the accidental part is that you suddenly made your build non-reproducible.
But usually the realization follows the initial intent by several weeks, if not months! Your comment shines as the embodiment of hindsight is 20/20.
> the accidental part is that you suddenly made your build non-reproducible
But that's exactly what I don't get. How can that be considered "accidental"? How can any thinking person not realize that putting the build time into the compiled image will make every build different because, you know, different builds happen at different times? Has software engineering really been dumbed down so much that this is not immediately obvious? It feels like a mechanic doing an oil change and being surprised by having all the oil drain out if they neglect to put the drain plug back in.
With you on this especially because somebody I know asked me to help change their oil and they hadn't even considered there being waste oil to dispose of
bc you may want to have time in the build, but to some, this is just magic. They don't think about potential consequences of using such instruments
The engineer who wants the build to be reproducible and the engineer who wants to have the build time in the compiled binary may not be the same person.
Sure, but that is a completely different issue. People have mutually-conflicting goals on occasion. That is a Thing That Happens, but it is a very different phenomenon than being surprised by the obvious fact that putting a time stamp on your build makes that build non-reproducible.
Usually, the person making the decision to add this is not in the same company or even the same time–space continuum as the victim of it.
In a parallel non–Euclidean dimension, perpetrators go the other way and have their victims build with -j1 reproducible builds.
-j1 doesn't make builds any more or less reproducible.
I don't think these kind of features belong in a compiler. If you want a stamp then pass it in to your compiler invocation via explicit defines.
You might accidentally end up including it transitively and suddenly your binary is nondeterministic.
If Clang generated non-deterministic output due to pointer addresses then that's a bug (happens regularly) that should be fixed. The most common way this happens if it some code path is iterating over a DenseMap which is non-deterministic. Sometimes that's fine and sometimes that's not depending on how that map is used. The common way to fix that is to switch to a MapVector which pays some additional runtime/memory cost to guarantee deterministic iteration order.
I'll try and make a minimal reproduction case and file a bug. Do you know if any tooling that can take a binary and fuzz it down to a minimal reproduction set?
cvise. Here is a link to a mini tutorial I wrote for a user in an LLVM issue: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/108827#issuecomm...
Thank you, this will be very useful.
Claude code is actually rather good at this. If your initial testcase is not too big, you can use creduce or cvise.
Sadly my initial test case is binaryen which has 290 compilation units. I will try though.
Reading this, I think low level engineering is actually more dependent on specific environments. Hardware also has its own points of change. Usually, when you think at a high level, environmental changes are less significant than you might expect. But low level thinking tends to be tied to specific environments, which is what makes it difficult. The reason low level is hard is that even if the code itself is short, the hidden assumptions inside it are difficult and place a heavy cognitive load on the programmer. For example, even a short snippet in C like `int value = (int)buffer` requires a lot of implicit knowledge about the 4 byte alignment of the buffer, or whether int is exactly 32 bits. LLMs do not seem to be very good at knowing these things. Rather, they are strong at high level wrapping, but at the low level, they seem surprisingly difficult and somewhat useless. Hardware has CPU generation changes, and in the case of PLCs, where I mainly work, the protocol differences between vendors are far too severe. There does not seem to be any technology with a very long lifecycle.
Depends on what you mean by low level I guess. Compared to web application framework churn rate, simple procedural programming without many dependencies is remarkably stable. You tend to program in a way that works for most platforms (all targetted platforms). How to best do that you learn over the years. To me personally it's very refreshing if the environment around you does not constantly change. That affords learning a bag of tricks and a list of gotchas to avoid.
> You tend to program in a way that works for most platforms (all targetted platforms).
Isn't that true for web frameworks too? Usually they'll only target unix, but if they target windows and macos, then they work on those platforms too? Or am I misunderstanding what you're trying to say here?
This is how I mean it: In case of low level programming, the "platform" is the hardware/OS/compiler. In case of web programming, the "platform" is the web framework.
If you update the OS, hardware, or compiler, you will see only few changes. If you update the web framework, you may see breakages, API deprecations or whatever. You may want to move to a different web framework entirely. TBH I don't really know, I don't know web programming beyond basic HTML/Javascript. That's what they say, though.
Well I mean you're comparing two different solutions at different layers here.
In the case of an desktop application, unless you build things against OS libraries, your "platform" is also typically a framework, like QT or AppKit or whatever you end up using. That's the equivalent of the "web framework" in the web world.
Basically, it goes "Your app > GUI framework > other/OS libraries" for desktop apps, "Your app > web framework > other/OS libraries" for web applications.
Then in both approaches you can of course skip the framework if you want, no one is forcing you to use those in either of the cases.
Edit: I realize now we might be talking past each other, I was under the understanding that "web framework" is about backend web frameworks, but maybe you actually meant frontend frameworks running client-side. If so, replace "other/OS libraries" with "browser runtime" and my comment more or less still makes sense :)
> your "platform" is also typically a framework, like QT or AppKit or whatever you end up using
That's not what I consider "low level programming". I don't use any of these.
Yes you can do try and do plain Javascript. Honestly Javascript is a much less pleasurable environment than a compiled statically typed procedural language. The main advantage of the browser is you get a viewport, you get font rendering etc. with almost no setup required at all.
> That's not what I consider "low level programming". I don't use any of these.
So say C linking to Xorg-libraries and drawing GUI that way isn't low level programming, then what is? Only assembly is "low level programming" or what?
Meh, JavaScript is fine, like most dynamic Algol/C-like languages. Could be worse, could be TypeScript :)
But personally, browser environment is a hell of a lot easier to target than doing cross-platform native application development, but I'm a web developer who started doing native apps, not the other way around, might be why.
More: If you upgrade the hardware or the compiler, you upgrade them. If you're doing web programming, you have to worry about the user upgrading their browser.
It's not so much about the browser (I'm not aware of major incompatibilities introduced by new browsers or new W3C standards). But the software ecosytems (like frameworks, or node.js) that web people are relying on in order to create their web apps.
I think you're right too. So I also think that maybe I'm viewing the changes as bigger than they actually are, based on my own standards
Looks like the formatting ate your asterisks at *(int*)buffer. Use \* to get an asterisk.
Since edits aren't allowed after a certain amount of time, I'll keep that in mind next time. Thanks!
Better title: Reproducible builds are hard
Unless you use a flake or the project has a flake.nix
There is nothing in Nix that magically makes concurrent builds with completion-order-dependent outputs come out deterministic.
I never tackled the reproducible builds topic but this is also something I had in mind while having a thought about it. Building object files for translation units, apart from macros introducing variance, should be reproducible no matter how high the number of compile jobs is running. So, isn't this largely a linking stage problem?
I would assume that compilers these days are likely to have internal parallelism too.
They do but the order of compiling the object files does not matter, at least not in C or C++ compilation model.
So to avoid those energy-hungry LLM companies from scraping your website, you force each browser to compute a lot of hashes in a necessarily energy-hungry loop, creating, at the same time, all the kind of accessibility problems?
I don’t get how people believe there’s a PoW function that both:
1. Allows access in reasonable time/battery use to me on my phone
2. Poses any meaningful challenge to the most compute-resourced organizations on the planet
I wonder how many cumulative hours of human life have been wasted waiting on Anubis.
There are a lot of people writing really bad scrapers and running them on far from high compute power systems. This is the prevent DoS because of those. The big companies are often far more clever and know they are traversing the whole internet and can come back later.
> I wonder how many cumulative hours of human life have been wasted waiting on writing comments on creamsicle reddit.
I disagree with a lot of the decisions around the design of Anubis... but resisting the current drive of the industry to ruin as much of the good faith resource donations from others is an admirable objective.
The point isn't to increase the amount of work required to the point of exhaustion, it's to require that scripts be able to offer the exact same feature set that browsers offer. The point isn't to make it impossible, it's too make it more expensive than free.
Anubis isn't trying to prevent all scraping, it's trying to reduce the abuse just enough that real requests get their fair share. You don't need to outcompute the botnet just slow them down a little.
I hate seeing the Anubis interstitial too, I've complained about it publicly already too. But it doesn't come close to the frustration of waiting 10s for an SPA to load all of the routes it'll never use before the first redraw. Clearly our industry has also decided latency is a good thing.
> I disagree with a lot of the decisions around the design of Anubis... but resisting the current drive of the industry to ruin as much of the good faith resource donations from others is an admirable objective.
"The road to hell is paved with good intentions" is a phrase for a reason.
Besides, if the authors intentions were pure it wouldn't infest the sites using it with the authors sexual fetish by default.
> The point isn't to increase the amount of work required to the point of exhaustion, it's to require that scripts be able to offer the exact same feature set that browsers offer.
What browsers? Websites intentionally breaking anything non-mainstream is precisely the problem.
> But it doesn't come close to the frustration of waiting 10s for an SPA to load all of the routes it'll never use before the first redraw.
Many sites only need anti-bot malware because of inefficient design like that.
The vast majority of that compute is locked in AI accelerators that do the inference. Those hardwares are bad at doing anything other than that---in fact crawlers would need more residential proxies than more computes in that regard.
> I wonder how many cumulative hours of human life have been wasted waiting on Anubis.
"How dare that mugging victim fight back".
The choice is not between Anubis and no Anubis, the choice is between Anubis and my website going offline because I can't afford the $400/month that AI scrapers would cost me (yes, I checked, and yes, that's the real figure) if Anubis wasn't in front.
Smarter people have put unique captchas (in form of domain-specific questions) on their websites for long time.
That makes sense, and I believe you, I'm just surprised it really deters the scrapers.
If it's dumb and it works, is it really dumb?
No it's not dumb, but I don't get how it manages to be so light still. Like I visit an Anubis-guarded site and barely have to wait. Scrapers really see that little CPU usage or wall time and back off? Or maybe that's just cause I'm not visiting sites that are under attack.
It chooses the challenge weight based on signals. If your phone looks like a phone from a residential IP you get a simple challenge.
If you then spam requests you might get another, harder, hallenge appear.
If you have a data center IP and look like bot traffic you get a hard challenge out the gate.
AFAIU after looking at their docs several months ago.
Ah, knowing the type of IP is really advantageous by itself
> "How dare that mugging victim fight back".
If you would go with that analogy this would be a case of the mugging victim stabbing random bystanders.
> The choice is not between Anubis and no Anubis, the choice is between Anubis and my website going offline because I can't afford the $400/month that AI scrapers would cost me (yes, I checked, and yes, that's the real figure) if Anubis wasn't in front.
Those aren't the only options and anyone who claims there is no other choice is either dishonest or incompetent.
They have 2 options:
Guess which one HN front-page bloggers choose? I often comment and/or flag them, but they never learn.Anubis doesn't rely on spying on the user.
It relies on you enabling browser features that can be used for spying.
Not just LLM companies, but bots in general. They were a big problem even before LLMs.
Could have sworn the author was a nix(os) user already. I know it’s a meme but what all the problems they’re describing literally is solved by nix. The nix sandbox even catches calls for time for example to replace it with 0 for determinism.
They stopped using Nix due to disagreements with how the project was run.
https://xeiaso.net/blog/2024/much-ado-about-nothing/
Weird article. The author is clearly heart-broken about some changes in how Nixos is managed - but what those changes were and why the author dislikes them is left completely unclear. The link to the Determinate blogpost doesn't clarify anything. I guess it might make sense to Nixos insiders...
From what I gather you fear determinate systems will guide future Nixos dev like google steers chromium or am I way off base?
What about Guix? May be more their tempo.
Nix doesn't help when the issue is a compiler bug, sadly.
This was my first thought, use a declarative system like Nix.
These seem very reasonable, the workarounds used are natural, and overall the article is not at all congruous with the conclusion in the (clickbait?) title?
Compilers literally made your project possible!
> Clang relies on address layout for ordering things
I would consider that a bug tbh
What is kind of annoying is that the author jumps to "I hate compilers" instead of "I will report/help fix this bug upstream."
I don't get the sense they hate compilers at all. The writing describes work they seem to love doing. It's just clickbait.
And it may not have crossed their mind that the clang behavior is a bug after finding a workaround. I'd also assume compilers do things "no mere mortal can fully comprehend on their own".
This might be the first time in my career I have genuinely found a compiler bug. I've been operating under the axiom of "don't assume it's a compiler bug, assume you're fucking it up somehow". When you get to the point that disabling ASLR makes it consistent intra-host I think I've won the right to at least suspect a compiler bug is at play.
I'll go file it upstream after work today.
If you feel like increasing your power as per your post, this is a somewhat decent first LLVM issue, take a look at WebAssemblyCFGStackify.cpp :)
llvm/test/CodeGen/WebAssembly/cfg-stackify-eh.ll and friends are existing tests that you can kinda mangle if you want to get a good reproducer.
Also take a look at https://discourse.llvm.org/t/reverse-iteration-bots/72224
Otherwise, happy to put my reproducer/patch on the bug after you file it!
I'm gonna have to file the bug without a minimal reproduction case. The issue seems to be those try_table blocks getting nondeterministically reordered at link time (is it using machine pointers for iteration order?). Sadly I'm observing this with a local checkout of binaryen, so it may take a while for you to find the minimal reproduction case.
I filed the bug: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/issues/204883
If reproducible builds is a stated goal for Clang? I'm not sure that it is. If so, absolutely a bug.
Not sure if it's a stated goal somewhere official but there's been plenty of fixes of the years moving stuff to be deterministic, e.g https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/commit/cdbde3aacc1260a7...
The internal programming guide also says which collections to use for deterministic iteration order: https://llvm.org/docs/ProgrammersManual.html#llvm-adt-setvec...
So definitely a bug here.
Nix also needs the build output to be deterministic to calculate the hash. It also has the problems of timestamps etc. The build environment tries to be hermetic by setting the time to be epoch among other things.
SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH is not a Nix thing
https://reproducible-builds.org/docs/source-date-epoch/
(although Nix sets it as a default)
Nix hashes the build inputs, for which deterministic builds are not required, only desirable.
Yes, reading this I was thinking about how many of these problems go away with a nix environment. Certainly not all of them, but it’s a great way to get a reproducible build environment that includes direct specification of system dependencies.
Time date env variables and random address... Is also input data, maybe not as a flag but still
Time and date are... tolerable. There's SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH which should always be set to whack it into submission when used. ASLR of the _compiler being invoked_ resulting in a difference in the _program being compiled_ is nuts and would break any self-hosting compiler with consistency checks.
ASLR is important, but you should be able to provide the random seed (I don't know if it's possible or not)
Explicit is Better than Implicit.
I’m still surprised by Anubis’ decision not to make the PoW have a useful output, for example a crypto, protein-folding like, or something else.
And I speak as being generally very critical of cryptos, but here rewarding the website owner with some cents to have access seems fair, and resolves the traditional issues about micro-payments.
I'm not even convinced that this works well for users who want to run that work on their machines. Distributed cluster of random untrusted hardware has got to be so much less efficient than a purpose-designed datacenter cluster, and harder to manage. I get that any "free" compute is cheaper than paid compute, but at some point the gap is so wide that the coordination alone doesn't make sense.
Wasn't there some famous home-computing project that recently stopped because of that? I thought it was Folding@home but that seems to still be going.
Patches welcome. I'd love to do protein folding too.
I would think twice before adding those type of features to Anubis. I like how Anubis currently does one thing and do that well. Once you make a captcha-like service that also does useful work, users will eventually perceive it as a useful-work-service that happens to have captcha-like function on the side, and that new perception will get a lot more people upset about Anubis.
We see this with Recaptcha where when it was first launched, some news sites praised it as making good use of what would have otherwise been wasted human effort. But eventually I started to see negative comments along the lines of how Recaptcha is just extracting free work to train self driving cars, nevermind the part about stopping bots. Since Recaptcha is now sometimes non-interactive, I am not sure if that data is still used for training, other than to improve Recaptcha itself, but the negative sentiment still holds whether that data is used or not.
I agree, also making it do useful work could detract from how well it works as bot-prevention. Recaptcha suffered from its own success eventually, having to ask people to read nearly impossible things, and now many sites are instead asking me to solve puzzles with no practical use.
P.S. Great to see you, omoikane
The last time I evaluated doing protein folding it required gigabytes of disk-data to make it happen. If there's a way to do it without needing gigabytes of disk-data, I'm at least interested in hearing it out.
The original reCAPTCHA which was used to train OCR came out back when Google was at least pretending to not be evil, hence the favourable coverage about old books. Now that the challenges are used to train Waymo cars (citation needed, but obviously they won't be sharing the data), and Google is definitely not tracking everyone with it (according to... Google, the adtech company), there's no positive spin you could possibly put on it.
Were Anubis to add crypto mining, even if all the revenue went to Techaro, you could still say "the enshittification is a shame, but at least they're not Google". Using the compute for BOINC protein folding somehow should be unobjectionable.
what about something (crypto being the only idea I have) that could be leveraged to reward the website owner?
Anubis is not a cryptocurrency miner: https://anubis.techaro.lol/docs/user/frequently-asked-questi...
it does not answer if it's a conscious design choice or just a technical limitation of the PoW, or just a "patch welcome" issue.
It's a conscious design choice. Doing that gets you considered a botnet/malware. I don't want Anubis to be considered a botnet/malware.
I already consider Anubis to be malware and I'm just some dude who likes to play with computers.
If it mined crypto instead of just burn clock cycles, then that could not in any way serve to lower its ranking in my book. It's already at minimum.
That's great. I love that for you. Please leave me alone.
OK, I don't think it would be the case if it was one of many algorithms offered by Anubis, especially if it's enabled by the webmaster.
That being said I don't know any crypto that would technically fit as a lightweight PoW.
The Birth and Death of Javascript really had the gift of prophecy, eh
Was that the thing where Gary predicted js in the kernel?
How about hardware accelerators to interpret JS? At least it wouldn't break, cause modern JS all transpiles to the old one.
bpf isn't a far stretch from that
yes, although more directly relevant here, chrome-compiled-to-wasm-nested-in-chrome
Firefox's font rendering is sandboxed by being C/C++-compiled-to-wasm-then-aot-compiled-to-native-code. Yavascript is dead, all hail WASM.
https://hacks.mozilla.org/2020/02/securing-firefox-with-weba...
> What do you do when the client has WebAssembly disabled?
> I decided to take inspiration from the legendary talk The Birth and Death of JavaScript and just recompile the WebAssembly to JavaScript.
So what do you do when the client has Javascript disabled ?
https://anubis.techaro.lol/docs/admin/configuration/challeng...
GetProgramPath consulting PATH is a pretty standard behavior inspired by GCC. Clang driver may find an external program from its program paths (e.g. -ccc-install-dir, the GCC installation's bin directory, -B, ) and then PATH.
> Clang relies on address layout for ordering things
Every such instance is a bug. I have fixed many issues in 2023. There is even an upstream build bot https://discourse.llvm.org/t/reverse-iteration-bots/72224
Everything is within spec, reproducible builds are not a goal of C/C++.
The compiler builders may take pity on you, but really there's no bug here, just unwarranted expectations.
> What do you do when the client has WebAssembly disabled?
Do people really do that? -- disable, not just using old browsers with no wasm.
Disabling wasm while keeping js enabled is a configuration i can't understand
It’s easy to imagine an organization with a paranoid security posture ending up with that configuration because they decided to only enable a minimum necessary feature set where they determined that JS was necessary while WASM was not.
iOS Lockdown Mode also implements this configuration.
I hate proof of work code running on my machine for the benefit of someone else. It's like planting a crypto miner.
Yup, and I suspect that even if OP is honest in this respect, if proof-of-work gets established as a normal practice for web pages, it's going to be used this way.
But just taking this as-is, what is the environmental impact likely to be when multiplied up by the number of users? Proof of work is a bad idea.
Do proof-of-work pages actually stop AI bots? Big AI companies have enough compute to solve these challenges at scale. And if their bots are already doing much heavier work to fetch, read and process each page, then solving a small challenge first seems unlikely to be a serious barrier. Who are these proof-of-work challenges actually helping?
I believe poisonous loops of non-sense text are the best choice in terms of LLM capabilities and human distinguishing potential; the next iteration could be non-sense with reasonably intact grammar and content. At the very least, show some content whilst doing the PoW (isn't the point rising computational costs? Give me something like YouTube video decryption instead of having me wait at least) OR use the PoW for some useful protein-folding, finding the next prime, or an alternative monetization scheme.
Anubis does this: https://anubis.techaro.lol/docs/admin/honeypot/overview
Getting in the maze influences your client's challenge difficulty.
Yes, all these kind of bot checks are essentially malware.
The "benefit of someone else" in this scenario is the site operator not having their website down or their hosting bills unsustainable because of misbehaving (which are 99% of current) web scrapers from AI companies.
The README itselfs admit that this is an nuclear option. https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis
You can flag malicious websites. You can even email HN moderators about them
I've seen posts by this author before and did not understand if the commentary characters were referential or a creation of the author. Turns out its the latter. I dismissed the underlined names as just styling, not hyperlinks.
https://xeiaso.net/characters/
To avoid all those grotesque and absurd compilers and runtimes, more for those of computer languages with a ultra-complex syntax (c++ and similar), I now design "binary specifications" which I "design" and "validate" with RISC-V assembly coding.
Here, since any whatwg cartel web engine is an issue, the author should not bother.
A better solution might be to use https://github.com/evanw/polywasm to run the original wasm in place.
I tried doing that at first. I kept running into edge cases that made the whole thing fall to ribbons. I gave up and am just falling back to what I know works: compiling the WASM to JS.
I hate compilers too, just because in theory they are the simplest type of program: transform one file into another. How is not be reproducible? You need to make an effort! Yet the author of this post has trouble getting a reproducible build. To me it sums up the utter insanity our industry is engaged in.
[flagged]
Could you please stop posting unsubstantive comments and flamebait? You've unfortunately been doing it repeatedly. It's not what this site is for, and destroys what it is for.
If you wouldn't mind reviewing https://news.ycombinator.com/newsguidelines.html and taking the intended spirit of the site more to heart, we'd be grateful.
[flagged]
Tell me the flags I'm missing then: https://github.com/TecharoHQ/anubis/blob/Xe/wasm4/utils/wasm...
I'm surprised by the amount of heckling this post received almost immediately! And a lack of constructive input.
I for one enjoyed the article and understand what you're getting at.
> This is the goofiest I've seen written unironically in quite a long - the C preprocessor is not part of the compiler. The pre in preprocessor should probably give it away.
This is true but doesn't seem relevant; does replacing the word "compiler" with "build chain" change anything? Because that seems like the clear meaning.
Re: source code producing different binaries: things like ASLR, stack canaries, optimization levels, linking, etc all lead to different binaries.
[flagged]
Please don't do this here.
It's their own blog and they can do whatever they feel like to break up the flow. I think it's quite charming tbh
As long as the program is equivalent there isn't an actual problem here. Requiring the output to always be the same is an arbitrary restriction.
If you want to have users trust that someone else hasn't modified it, then sign it with your identity.
We'd like to verify, not trust.
The whole point of a signature is that you are able to verify what was signed was in fact a message that was signed by signer.
Sure, but a signature doesn't prove that a particular binary came from a particular codebase - merely that a particular human (or other trusted entity, for varying degrees of "trusted") has vouched for it.
Being able to reproduce the binary from the source code and being able to verify that it's the same as the original is quite important in some contexts.
>Being able to reproduce the binary from the source code and being able to verify that it's the same as the original is quite important in some contexts.
I disagree. The contexts that people come up with are purely theoretical, and are not practically important. Please do try and convince me otherwise by sharing such a context. From my view the juice of trying to accomplish this is no where worth the squeeze.
You disagree but you're wrong.
Military context: a government would want to review the code and compile themselves. Provide a hash of the target binary to ensure they've compiled it correctly.
SDLC: provide auditors with _proof_ that the tested binary is indeed coming from the audited code
>a government would want to review the code and compile themselves. Provide a hash of the target binary to ensure they've compiled it correctly.
The government doesn't want to do this. A lot of the time the government doesn't even get the source code in the first place.
>provide auditors with _proof_ that the tested binary is indeed coming from the audited code
This can be done by showing to the auditor how one's CI is setup to build checked in code and sign it.
Military Context: Just build the code that you just reviewed. No need to get the binaries
SDLC: Traceability is more important than reproducibility. Keeping logs is more important than deterministic build outputs
> Being able to reproduce the binary from the source code and being able to verify that it's the same as the original is quite important in some contexts
Why not build your own binaries and be done with that. If you don’t trust the compiler or the machine doing the build, just build the code yourself.
Sure, I can do that, but there's some value in being able to check quickly and easily that, for example, the xz utils binaries shipped by a major distro actually match the published source.
Also useful for checking that a binary containing GPLed code does actually correspond to its published source.
The capability may be nice to have, but what about its usefulness. Would that have been of use in any real world situation?
LLMs should be trained on and directly output binary.
On the off chance that you’re serious, that would result in disastrously bad output. The difference between “jmp $+15” and “jmp $+16” is inscrutable and the LLM would not be able to pick the right one without tooling.
That tooling is a compiler. The higher level, the better chance the LLM can be steered to good output. Machine code is hopeless, don’t bother.
> The difference between “jmp $+15” and “jmp $+16” is inscrutable
Just like the difference between 'him' and 'her' is inscrutable taken out of context, but that's why LLMs have embeddings they use to store contextual information in huge vectors and have an input processing phase during which the input tokens gain contextual information, so that the LLM knows that 'him' refers to 'Peter' and 'her' refers to 'Jane'. Likewise it will be able to infer that $+15 is the 'success' branch of control flow and $+16 is the fail branch.
The way computer programs and natural language differ, is that in language, words with absolute or at least very constrained meanings are common, while code, is basically a pure manipulation of symbols, with variable and function names being meaningless helpers, and the actual meaning needs to be deduced from the way these symbols are manipulated.
In fact, I think LLMs are actually surprisingly good at this kind of abstract symbol manipulation, and are far less bothered than humans with 'add rax, rcx' by the fact that the meaning of 'rax' and 'rcx' are heavily contextual, as they dedicate a lot of time to build up rich contextual information that might be different in every place these symbols appear.
> Just like the difference between 'him' and 'her' is inscrutable taken out of context,
The context is pretty flexible, like "Do you know Jim? I saw him at the store." Or, "Do you know Jim? Fifteen days ago, I saw him at the store." There’s a relatively small universe of pronouns (him, her, that, who, etc) and the pronouns refer to a token nearby (in this case, Jim).
With machine code, there’s a massive set of jump offsets, and the referent isn’t a token, but rather a location to start processing.
> In fact, I think LLMs are actually surprisingly good at this kind of abstract symbol manipulation,
When you’re manipulating machine code, you’ve stepped away from abstract symbol manipulation and you’re just manipulating byte values now.
I don’t think your argument here is convincing. Maybe you can point to a demo or some architecture where this works. But my sense is this—once you start designing a harness to make LLMs capable of writing machine code, or designing an architecture for LLMs to write machine code, something in your implementation probably looks like an assembler, and something in your internal tokenization of the machine code probably looks like a higher-level language.
That compiler does wonders with languages that have UB on their specs, especially when having optimizations passes with heuristics.
Also there are dynamic compilers were the shape of machine code changes as the code executes, and each single execution will certainly generate different sequences, depending on the program execution and where it is running.
Deterministic JIT compiler code generation, at least on optimising ones, is not a solved problem.
What about AOT optimization? whuch brings aot closer to JITs performance? Isn't that something LLM + Harness can easily do?
I think the idea that AOT is inherently faster than JIT, or vice versa, is a thoroughly debunked idea.
You can have LLMs help you optimize code but I don’t think you can do this unattended for non-trivial code.
> The difference between “jmp $+15” and “jmp $+16” is inscrutable
I don't see why that's the case. LLM trained on binary would totally see it, not?
Also the tool can also be running the test and a debugger.
> I don't see why that's the case. LLM trained on binary would totally see it, not?
It would not. You find the correct version by counting the number of bytes to the destination. LLMs are famously bad at this kind of problem (counting).
> Also the tool can also be running the test and a debugger.
The test needs to provide a good amount of signal. That’s too hard if you are throwing machine code at the wall.
In order for debuggers to work, you need some kind of model that describes what the code should do and what state the computer should be in after each instruction. That model is high-level code.
I can understand the intuitive appeal of training LLMs with machine code, but all of my experience with LLMs suggest that they are incredibly ill-suited to the task, and we just don’t have the capacity to train them to make useful machine code.
Can "LLMs are bad at counting" be generalized to "LLM are better in complex stuff but make more mistakes in simple"?
I would phrase it as "LLMs are good at big picture stuff and bad at fine detail", or to put it another way, they're accurate, but imprecise and with low reproducibility.
It is my experience that it's the opposite. LLMs are very very precise but wildly inaccurate. They might give you 17 significant digits but be off by 10 orders of magnitude, to use a metaphor.
Sounds like we're in agreement, then. The 7 digits it got correct are the big picture, and the rest are the details. Are you disagreeing with my statement or with my usage of "accurate" and "precise"?
But where does that leave us when programmers treat themselves as architects with the AI doing the drudge work? As seems to be the fashion.
It then means you have 2 parties focussing on the big picture and no one focussing on the details.
I said "big picture stuff", but I guess I should have said "broad strokes". The truly correct answer is probably similar to what the model will answer, and if your problem is such that it can work with small imperfections in a solution, then the LLM helps. If the solution needs to be exactly right, then it will probably fail.
Yesterday on a whim I tried asking a local model a question about kanji that look different in different fonts despite being the same character (to the point of strokes appearing in completely different directions), and the model hallucinated imgur links to images of the characters. If imgur could work with approximate references to data maybe that would have worked.
Its more LLMs are better at vague problems with multiple non perfect solutions, and struggle at problems that require precision.
No, I don’t think so. LLMs are good at a lot of simple tasks, but bad at certain simple tasks. Moravec’s paradox in a new iteration.
It applies to humans too. Calculus is “simple” but it takes something like sixteen years to train a human to do it, if all goes well. Meanwhile, most humans think that inverse kinematics is, like, the easiest thing in the world (it’s a super complicated task).
Calculus is definitely the harder task, considering it took a species developing the cognitive capacity for symbolic reasoning for it to show up, whereas any animal can figure out how to position its limbs. Yeah, we figured out how to make CAS programs before inverse kinematics software, but that's because computers were made to solve numerical problems, not to replace the cerebella of chordates.
> Calculus is definitely the harder task,
You’re only evaluating “harder” or “easier” based on the perspective of somebody who has a mammalian brain with millions of years of selective pressure to make it suitable for solving inverse kinematics problems.
The point here is that when we start constructing agents or tools with different architectures to ourselves, it makes sense to reevaluate notions of whether something is ‘hard’ or ‘easy’. LLMs are bad at counting not because counting is hard, but because their architecture makes it hard.
I'm evaluating them using an objective metric, which is how long each took to arise in the universe. It could have never been the case that calculus arose before inverse kinematics, because a thing like that could not interact with the real world.
Also, I suspect you're comparing dissimilar things, because in one case you're looking at a brain doing both inverse kinematics and "calculus" (sense 1), and in the other you're looking at a computer doing both inverse kinematics and "calculus" (sense 2). The kind of calculus a CAS does is not the same kind that a human does. It's less versatile, for one.
>The point here is that when we start constructing agents or tools with different architectures to ourselves, it makes sense to reevaluate notions of whether something is ‘hard’ or ‘easy’.
Well, no, because when someone says that calculus is hard and moving their arms is easy, they're not talking about how hard it was to create each functionality, they're talking about how hard it is to employ each. We would need to ask a computer how hard it thinks the tasks it does are to do.
> I'm evaluating them using an objective metric,
I don’t think the metric is at all reasonable, and the fact that it’s “objective” doesn’t make up for its other shortcomings. I don’t think we have a basis for agreement here—I think you’ve framed the argument in a way that supports a “calculus is hard” conclusion merely by defining “hard” in such a way that supports your conclusion from the start, but I think that approach is only useful as a way to win an argument, and we’ve failed to share ideas once you start using that tactic.
>I think you’ve framed the argument in a way that supports a “calculus is hard” conclusion merely by defining “hard” in such a way that supports your conclusion from the start
It seems to me you're the one who first did that by equivocating what is easier to do and what is easier to make a machine do.
>we’ve failed to share ideas once you start using that tactic
Well, I certainly don't agree with that.
Even if it could, it would be ridiculously token inefficient to update huge amount of addresses instead when some small change is done to the middle of a binary
It should not. Abstraction in software engineering brings intelligence. (compression correlates to intelligence)
Why? I mean this is all emergent, right? And it’s not like humans ever work at this level. It would be very interesting to see what sort of outputs and abstractions an LLM comes up with.
people don't get this
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Generative algorithms have been studied for decades now and while they have led to some interesting results they're a bad fit for LLMs because there's no such thing as a "plausible" binary: a small perturbation yields an unusable result.
Technically they are, just a subset. But still a practical one, they're frequently used to produce executable files.
I think you forgot the "/s"
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